高坝水库调节能力强，在流域梯级开发和防灾减灾中发挥重要作用，但其面临的风险也客观存在，一旦失事后果不堪设想。水库放空或降水位能力是经济社会发展新阶段对大坝风险防控和应急管理提出的新要求。选取我国25 座典型高坝水库进行放空能力分析，获得了25座水库的坝型、最大坝高、坝顶高程、正常蓄水位、总库容、放空水位、放空水头比、放空剩余库容、放空库容、放空时间、库水平均降速数据。其中高坝水库放空水头比介于17．5%～ 71．8%，均值为42．7%；放空库容比介于47．2% ～ 99．2%，均值为81．7%；放空时间介于7．2～ 123 d，均值为42．7 d；库水降速介于0．71～ 9．03 m/d，均值为3．0 m/d。本数据可用于对水库放空设施设计中的入库流量、放空指标、启动条件和分级决策模式等关键问题的参考借鉴。", "ds_source": "
通过查阅文献“我国水电工程高坝大库放空设计研究的若干思考”、“关于面板坝设置放空洞的若干问题”的基础上，获取25座典型高坝的最大坝高、坝顶高程、正常蓄水位、总库容、放空水位、放空水头比、放空剩余库容、放空库容比、放空时间，总结25座典型高坝最大坝高、总库容与库水位下降速率之间的关系，进一步分析我国部分高坝水库在非汛期的放空水头比、放空库容比、放空时间和库水下降平均速率。", "ds_process_way": "
将通过文献查阅得到数据，总结25座典型高坝的最大坝高、坝顶高程、正常蓄水位、总库容、放空水位、放空水头比、放空剩余库容、放空库容比、放空时间，通过（正常蓄水位-放空水位）/放空时间得到25座典型高坝的库水平均降速。在EXCEL中绘制出坝高和库水平均降速的散点关系、库容和库水平均降速的散点关系，并绘制出不同坝型的放空水头比、放空库容比、放空时间、库水平均降速的均值的直方图。", "ds_quality": "
(1) 放空水头比介于17．5%～71．8%，其均值为42．7%。也就是可放空水头占正常蓄水位至坝基高程垂直距离的42%。其中，13 座堆石坝放空水头比均值约46．3%，8 座混凝土拱坝放空水头比均值约40．2%，4 座混凝土重力坝放空水头比均值约36．2%。\n
(2) 放空库容比介于47．2% ～ 99．2%，其均值为81．7%。也就是可放空的库容占总库容的82%左右。其中，13 座堆石坝放空库容均值约79．3%，8 座混凝土拱坝放空库容比均值约84．6%，4 座混凝土重力坝放空库容比均值约83．4%。\n
(3) 放空时间介于7．2～123 d，其均值为42．7 d。其中，13 座堆石坝放空时间均值约42．9 d，8 座混凝土拱坝放空时间均值约42．4 d，4 座混凝土重力坝放空时间均值约42．4 d。\n
(4) 库水降速介于0．71～9．03 m/d，其均值为3．0 m/d。其中，13座堆石坝库水下降速率均值约3．0 m/d，\n8 座混凝土拱坝库水下降速率均值约3．4 m/d，4 座混凝土重力坝库水下降速率均值约2．8 m/d。\n
（5）高坝水库库容越大，放空水位越低，深孔设置的技术难度越大，放空所需要的时间越长。糯扎渡水电站水库总库容237亿m3，放空库容比达84．4%，但放空时间达102 d; 龙滩电站水库总库容273 亿m3，放空库容比85．7%，放空时间123 d。\n
根据分析高坝水库放空能力受总库容、放空水位、坝型等工程特性参数影响，与实际工程实践相符合，对我国水利水电工程行业水库放空设施设计和应急管理有一定参考意义。", "ds_acq_start_time": "2025-03-03 00:00:00", "ds_acq_end_time": "2025-03-03 00:00:00", "ds_acq_place": "中国", "ds_acq_lon_east": 135.07999999999998, "ds_acq_lat_south": 3.85, "ds_acq_lon_west": 73.53333333333333, "ds_acq_lat_north": 53.53333333333333, "ds_acq_alt_low": null, "ds_acq_alt_high": null, "ds_share_type": "apply-access", "ds_total_size": 42669, "ds_files_count": 2, "ds_format": ".xlsx", "ds_space_res": null, "ds_time_res": "", "ds_coordinate": "无", "ds_projection": "", "ds_thumbnail": "87c9a213-2f11-43f5-a9f6-04f0b6fad240.png", "ds_thumb_from": 0, "ds_ref_way": "", "paper_ref_way": "", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_from_station": null, "organization_id": "973f338d-7fd4-4c6f-aab1-44a5c242d419", "ds_serv_man": "李红星", "ds_serv_phone": "0931-4967592", "ds_serv_mail": "ncdc@lzb.ac.cn", "doi_value": "", "subject_codes": [ "410" ], "quality_level": 3, "publish_time": "2025-06-27 10:01:24", "last_updated": "2025-07-13 15:45:00", "protected": false, "protected_to": null, "lang": "zh", "cstr": "11738.11.NCDC.NHRI_DAM.DB6875.2025", "i18n": { "en": { "title": "Analysis data on emptying capacity of high dam reservoirs in China", "ds_format": ".xlsx", "ds_source": "
Based on the literature review of \"Several Thoughts on the Design of High Dam and Large Reservoir Emptying in China's Hydropower Engineering\" and \"Several Issues Concerning the Setting of Emptying Holes in Panel Dams\", the maximum dam height, dam crest elevation, normal water level, total storage capacity, emptying water level, emptying head ratio, emptying remaining storage capacity, emptying capacity ratio, and emptying time of 25 typical high dams were obtained. The relationship between the maximum dam height, total storage capacity, and the rate of water level drop in 25 typical high dams was summarized, and the emptying head ratio, emptying capacity ratio, emptying time, and average rate of water drop in some high dam reservoirs in China during non flood season were further analyzed.", "ds_quality": "
(1) The emptying head ratio ranges from 17.5% to 71.8%, with an average of 42.7%. That is to say, the vented water head accounts for 42% of the vertical distance from the normal water level to the dam foundation elevation. Among them, the average emptying head ratio of 13 rockfill dams is about 46.3%, the average emptying head ratio of 8 concrete arch dams is about 40.2%, and the average emptying head ratio of 4 concrete gravity dams is about 36.2%.\n
(2) The empty storage capacity ratio ranges from 47.2% to 99.2%, with an average of 81.7%. That is to say, the storage capacity that can be emptied accounts for about 82% of the total storage capacity. Among them, the average empty storage capacity of 13 rockfill dams is about 79.3%, the average empty storage capacity ratio of 8 concrete arch dams is about 84.6%, and the average empty storage capacity ratio of 4 concrete gravity dams is about 83.4%.\n
(3) The emptying time ranges from 7.2 to 123 days, with an average of 42.7 days. Among them, the average emptying time of 13 rockfill dams is about 42.9 days, the average emptying time of 8 concrete arch dams is about 42.4 days, and the average emptying time of 4 concrete gravity dams is about 42.4 days.\n
(4) The deceleration of reservoir water ranges from 0.71 to 9.03 m/d, with an average of 3.0 m/d. Among them, the average rate of water decline in 13 rockfill dams is about 3.0 m/d,\nThe average water drop rate of 8 concrete arch dams is about 3.4 m/d, and the average water drop rate of 4 concrete gravity dams is about 2.8 m/d.\n
(5) The larger the storage capacity of Gaoba Reservoir, the lower the emptying water level, the greater the technical difficulty of deep hole setting, and the longer the time required for emptying. The total storage capacity of the Nuozhadu hydropower station reservoir is 23.7 billion m3, with an emptying capacity ratio of 84.4%, but the emptying time is 102 days; the total storage capacity of the Longtan hydropower station reservoir is 27.3 billion m3, with an emptying capacity ratio of 85.7%, and the emptying time is 123 days.\n
According to the analysis, the emptying capacity of Gaoba Reservoir is affected by engineering characteristic parameters such as total storage capacity, emptying water level, and dam type, which is consistent with actual engineering practice. It has certain reference significance for the design of reservoir emptying facilities and emergency management in China's water conservancy and hydropower engineering industry.", "ds_ref_way": "", "ds_abstract": "
Gaoba Reservoir has strong regulation capacity and plays an important role in cascade development and disaster prevention and reduction in the basin. However, the risks it faces objectively exist, and the consequences of a failure are unimaginable. The ability to empty or lower the water level of reservoirs is a new requirement for dam risk prevention and emergency management in the new stage of economic and social development. We selected 25 typical high dam reservoirs in China for analysis of their emptying capacity, and obtained data on dam type, maximum dam height, dam crest elevation, normal water level, total storage capacity, emptying water level, emptying head ratio, remaining emptying capacity, emptying capacity, emptying time, and average deceleration of reservoir water. The emptying head ratio of Gaoba Reservoir ranges from 17.5% to 71.8%, with an average of 42.7%; The empty storage capacity ratio ranges from 47.2% to 99.2%, with an average of 81.7%; The emptying time ranges from 7.2 to 123 days, with an average of 42.7 days; the reservoir water deceleration rate ranges from 0.71 to 9.03 m/d, with an average of 3.0 m/d. This data can be used as a reference for key issues in the design of reservoir emptying facilities, such as inflow, emptying indicators, start-up conditions, and hierarchical decision-making modes.
", "ds_time_res": "", "ds_acq_place": "China", "ds_space_res": "", "ds_projection": "", "ds_process_way": "Data will be obtained through literature review to summarize the maximum dam height, dam crest elevation, normal water level, total storage capacity, emptying water level, emptying water head ratio, emptying remaining storage capacity, emptying storage capacity ratio, and emptying time of 25 typical high dams. The average water drop rate of the 25 typical high dams will be obtained by dividing the normal water level by emptying time. Draw the scatter plot relationship between dam height and average deceleration of reservoir water, as well as the scatter plot relationship between reservoir capacity and average deceleration of reservoir water in EXCEL, and draw histograms of the mean values of emptying head ratio, emptying capacity ratio, emptying time, and average deceleration of reservoir water for different dam types.", "ds_ref_instruction": "" } }, "submit_center_id": "ncdc", "data_level": 0, "license_type": "CC BY 4.0", "doi_reg_from": "reg_local", "cstr_reg_from": "reg_local", "doi_not_reg_reason": null, "cstr_not_reg_reason": null, "ds_topic_tags": [ "高坝水库", "水库放空能力", "放空时间", "库水平均降速" ], "ds_subject_tags": [ "工程与技术科学基础学科" ], "ds_class_tags": [], "ds_locus_tags": [ "中国" ], "ds_time_tags": [ 2025 ], "ds_contributors": [ { "true_name": "周兴波", "email": "zhouxb@creei.cn", "work_for": "水电水利规划设计总院", "country": "中国" }, { "true_name": "程家林", "email": "237595135@qq.com", "work_for": "水电水利规划设计总院", "country": "中国" } ], "ds_meta_authors": [ { "true_name": "周兴波", "email": "zhouxb@creei.cn", "work_for": "水电水利规划设计总院", "country": "中国" }, { "true_name": "程家林", "email": "237595135@qq.com", "work_for": "水电水利规划设计总院", "country": "中国" } ], "ds_managers": [ { "true_name": "周兴波", "email": "zhouxb@creei.cn", "work_for": "水电水利规划设计总院", "country": "中国" }, { "true_name": "程家林", "email": "237595135@qq.com", "work_for": "水电水利规划设计总院", "country": "中国" } ], "category": "其他" }