了解冰冻圈水文和冰冻圈变化对河流径流的影响对于可持续水资源管理至关重要，特别是在干旱的内陆河流流域，例如中国西北部的水资源主要来自高山地区。自2008年起，在葫芦集水区建立了冰冻圈水文气象观测系统（CHOICE），这是位于中国西北部祁连山黑河上游的仪器仪表良好的实验和代表性集水区。CHOICE包括海拔2，980至4800米的密集气象测量，例如冰川，雪和永久冻土水文;垂直景观区的水热平衡，包括高山草原、草甸、灌木、针叶林、沼泽草甸和冰碛-距骨带。CHOICE提供的综合长期观测为冰冻圈水文研究中的模型开发和应用提供了基础。本文尝试研究低温圈水文气象过程对垂直高度的降水、冻融循环、能量平衡、土壤-植被-大气转移（SVAT）、径流、地下水库和水文弹性的影响。此外，数据共享的选择主要通过网站（http://hhsy.casnw.net/）和西区数据库（http://westdc.westgis.ac.cn/）。顾名思义，CHOICE是一个开放的冰冻圈水文观测和研究系统。\n
根据观测数据和其他资料，通过CBHM研究了中国山地冰冻圈径流的过去趋势和未来趋势。在过去50年中，由于中国西部寒冷地区降雨、降雪和冰川径流的增加，河流径流量总体上呈上升趋势。由于中国西部冰川总面积减少了约18%，冰川体积减少了约28%，冻土层退化主要增加了地下水的入渗并扩大了地下水库。这可能导致中国西部冬季流量增加。尽管过去50年积雪覆盖范围略有减少，但由于降雪量的增加，中国西部寒冷地区大部分流域的融雪量呈上升趋势。随着气温的升高，冰川径流将在近期内减少，其减少速度与冰川面积成反比。根据不同的接受浓度途径（RCP）情景，冰川径流量将比南部和东南部的平均值分别减少60%至70%和80%至90%。在RCP2.6和RCP4.5条件下，到2090年代，西藏高原和祁连山西部在1971年至2010年期间的冰川径流量将分别减少20%和30%。大部分小冰川将消失，导致冰川径流开始减少。", "ds_source": "
作为黑河流域联合遥测实验研究的一个子流域，葫芦集水区（北纬38°12´-38°17´，东经99°50´-99°54´）是黑河流域联合遥测实验研究的一个子流域。位于黑河上游，位于祁连山中部。是一个原始的高山集水区，地形崎岖不平。祁连山东南部地区几乎没有人为干扰。两条小支流源于冰川和冰碛-距冰地带，然后在集水区出口处汇合。汇水口汇合。海拔从 海拔2960米至4820米，跨度1860米。由北向南逐渐升高。坡度 0至85°。由于垂直景观 由于纵向景观呈现出明显的空间分异，因此选择该流域进行流域水文综合研究和观测试验。", "ds_process_way": "
为了将水文模型应用于高寒集水区，我们获得了长期连续的土壤参数数据，与AWS采集的数据同步，用两块土壤热流板(HFPOISC)测量了712和17cm深度的土壤热流。一套水分探针(Sentek传感器技术公司)在土壤中测定10、20、30、40、50、60、80和100cm深度的土壤水分。一套109SS-L探测器(坎贝尔科学公司)安装在士壤中测量20，40深度处的土壤温度60厘米、80厘米、100厘米、120厘米、160厘米和200厘米SI-111红外辐射计被用来测量LST。\n
CHOICE蒸散量观测有三种方法：自动和手动称重式微型蒸散量计和涡度协方差（EC）系统。在CHOICE的早期阶段，蒸散量是通过两个手动称重微升尺测量的，这两个微升尺深度为40厘米，直径为31.5厘米，于2009年7月1日安装在葫芦1号田的SMF中，电子秤的精度为2克（0.026毫米）。随着CHOICE的发展，2013年8月在葫芦-1至葫芦-5气田的AWS中，在同一气田布置了5台自动微测仪（CHOICE-LYS40，T&D）。观测时间和间隔与AWS相同，精度为1g（0.01mm）。2011年9月，在葫芦-2气田5.8米处的格构桅杆上安装了一套EC150系统（Campbell Scientific Inc.）", "ds_quality": "
CHOICE的数据传输综合利用了ZigBee网络技术和移动互联网技术，实现了监测数据的远程传输。数据中心采用基于中间件的异构大数据存储和检索技术，保证各类野外观测要素的全面存储和检索。数据中心采用基于中间件的异构大数据存储和检索技术，保证了各类野外观测要素的全面存储和检索，解决了监测数据连续高精度采集的问题。", "ds_acq_start_time": "2009-01-01 00:00:00", "ds_acq_end_time": "2017-12-31 00:00:00", "ds_acq_place": "祁连山葫芦沟", "ds_acq_lon_east": 99.86666666666666, "ds_acq_lat_south": 38.2, "ds_acq_lon_west": 99.81666666666666, "ds_acq_lat_north": 38.266666666666666, "ds_acq_alt_low": null, "ds_acq_alt_high": null, "ds_share_type": "open-access", "ds_total_size": 78791, "ds_files_count": 2, "ds_format": "Excel", "ds_space_res": null, "ds_time_res": "年", "ds_coordinate": "无", "ds_projection": "", "ds_thumbnail": "89661936-e14c-4739-9a93-0cfdbd7d60bc.png", "ds_thumb_from": 0, "ds_ref_way": "", "paper_ref_way": "", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_from_station": null, "organization_id": "0a4269e1-65f4-45f1-aeba-88ea3068eebf", "ds_serv_man": "敏玉芳", "ds_serv_phone": "0931-4967596", "ds_serv_mail": "ncdc@lzb.ac.cn", "doi_value": "", "subject_codes": [ "170.45" ], "quality_level": 3, "publish_time": "2023-07-13 10:33:40", "last_updated": "2023-07-24 10:24:26", "protected": false, "protected_to": null, "lang": "zh", "cstr": "11738.11.NCDC.ZENODO.DB3960.2023", "i18n": { "en": { "title": "Cryospheric hydrometeorology observation in the Hulu Catchment (CHOICE), Qilian Mountains, China (2009-2017)", "ds_format": "", "ds_source": "
Serving as a subwatershed of the Heihe watershed allied telemetry experimental research), the Hulu catchment (38°12´–38°17´ N, 99°50´–99°54´ E) is located in the upper reaches of Hei River in the central part of the Qilian Mountains. and it represents a pristine alpine catchment with rugged terrain and little human disturbance on the southeastern region of the Qilian Mountains.Two minor tributaries are sourced from glacier and moraine–talus zones and then merge at the catchment outlet. The elevation fluctuates from 2960 to 4820 m asl, with a span of 1860 m, and it gradually increases from north to south. The slope ranges from 0 to 85°. Because the vertical landscape exhibits obvious spatial differentiation, the catchment was chosen to study the integrated research and observation experiments of hydrological processes in a mountain cryospheric region.", "ds_quality": "
The data transmission of the CHOICE involves the integrated use of ZigBee network technology and mobile Internet technology for the implementation of the remote transmission of monitoring data. The data center adopts heterogeneous largedata storage and retrieval technology based on middleware, which guarantees thecomprehensive storage and retrieval of all types of field observation elements. This solves the problem of obtaining continuous high-precision acquisition data for monitoring data.", "ds_ref_way": "", "ds_abstract": "
Based on our observation data and other data, the past runoff trends of mountain cryosphere in China and future trend by CBHM was documented. In the past 50 yr, river runoff has generally shown an increasing trend as a result of increased rainfall, snowfall, and glacial runoff in the cold regions of western China. Because the total glacier decreased by ~18% in area and 28% in volume in western China, Permafrost degradation has mainly increased infiltration and enlarged the groundwater reservoir. This could lead to an increased winter flow in western China. Although the extent of snow cover has decreased slightly over the past 50 yr, snowmelt has shown an increasing trend in most watersheds in the cold regions of western China as a result of the increased snowfall. Along with increasing air temperature, glacial runoff will decrease in the near future, and the rate of this decrease is inversely proportional to the glacial size. According to different receptive concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios, glacial runoff will decrease 60 to 70% and 80 to 90%, compared with their average values in the southern and southeastern Tibet Plateau and western Qilian Mountains, respectively, between 1971 and 2010 under RCP2.6 and RCP 4.5 by the 2090s. Most of the small glaciers will have disappeared, leading to glacial runoff started to decrease.
", "ds_time_res": "年", "ds_acq_place": "Hulugou Valley, Qilian Mountains", "ds_space_res": "", "ds_projection": "", "ds_process_way": "To apply hydrological models in the alpine catchment, we have obtained long-term continuous soil parameter data in the soil pit synchronously with those collected at AWS. Two soil heat flux plates (HFP01SC) (Hukseflux Thermal Sensors) were used to measure soil heat flux at depths of 7, 12, and 17 cm. A set of moisture probes (Sentek Sensor Technologies, Inc.) was placed in soil to measure soil moisture at depths of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, and 100 cm. A set of 109SS-L probes (Campbell Scientific, Inc.) was installed in soil to measure soil temperature at depths of 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 160, and 200 cm. An SI-111 infrared radiometer (Apogee Instr. Inc.) was used to measure the LST.\n
There are three ways to observe evapotranspiration in the CHOICE: automatic and manual weighing minilysimeters and eddy covariance (EC) systems. During the early stage of the CHOICE, evapotranspiration was measured with two manual weighing microlysimeters, which were 40 cm in depth and 31.5 cm in diameter and were installed in the SMF at the Hulu-1 field on 1 July 2009 with an electronic scale of 2 g (0.026 mm) in precision. With the development of the CHOICE, five automatic microlysimeters (CHOICE-LYS40, T&D) were arranged in the same field as the AWS of the Hulu-1 to Hulu-5 field in August 2013. The observation time and interval followed those of the AWS, with a balance of 1 g (0.01 mm) in precision. And an EC150 system (Campbell Scientific Inc.) was installed on a lattice mast at 5.8 m at the Hulu-2 field in September 2011.", "ds_ref_instruction": "" } }, "submit_center_id": "ncdc", "data_level": 0, "license_type": "CC BY 4.0", "ds_topic_tags": [ "葫芦沟", "降水量", "径流量", "蒸散" ], "ds_subject_tags": [ "地理学" ], "ds_class_tags": [], "ds_locus_tags": [ "祁连山葫芦沟" ], "ds_time_tags": [ 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 ], "ds_contributors": [ { "true_name": "韩春坛", "email": "hancht@lzb.ac.cn", "work_for": "中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院", "country": "中国" }, { "true_name": "陈仁升", "email": "crs2008@lzb.ac.cn", "work_for": "中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院", "country": "" }, { "true_name": "刘章文", "email": "zwliu@lzb.ac.cn", "work_for": "中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院", "country": "中国" } ], "ds_meta_authors": [ { "true_name": "韩春坛", "email": "hancht@lzb.ac.cn", "work_for": "中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院", "country": "中国" }, { "true_name": "陈仁升", "email": "crs2008@lzb.ac.cn", "work_for": "中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院", "country": "" }, { "true_name": "刘章文", "email": "zwliu@lzb.ac.cn", "work_for": "中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院", "country": "中国" } ], "ds_managers": [ { "true_name": "韩春坛", "email": "hancht@lzb.ac.cn", "work_for": "中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院", "country": "中国" } ], "category": "水文" }