本数据集聚焦1970-2000年青藏高原东部区域（ETPR）河流源区的冰川物质变化，提供两种分辨率的数据：高分辨率冰川单体数据（30 米）与低分辨率网格数据（0.5 度）。其中，高分辨率数据针对 13117 条冰川，包含 30 年间的高程变化、年物质平衡及相关不确定性信息，为单条冰川研究提供重要参考。
\n为计算冰川物质变化，研究将基于1970-2000年地形图（航空摄影测量技术）生成的数字高程模型（DEM），与 2000 年航天飞机雷达地形测绘任务（SRTM）数据进行对比。通过配准、偏差校正及质量控制等流程保障数据准确性，并利用冰桥卫星 2 号（ICESat-2）与 “六边形” KH-9 卫星数据，对基于 DEM 的高程差异进行验证。结果显示，数据集质量良好（尤其在低海拔区域），与 KH-9 数据结果一致性较高；但受航空照片在陡峭地形下难以清晰捕捉高反射率积雪表面的限制，高海拔区域数据的不确定性相对较大。
\n本数据集覆盖 ETPR 区域 72% 的冰川，具备较高的完整性，可用于多尺度冰川物质平衡模拟的参数校准，还可用于评估 2000 年前后冰川水文效应的变化，是该区域冰川研究的重要数据资源。
", "ds_source": "（1）历史地形地图：718 幅（1:50000 比例尺 142 幅、1:100000 比例尺 576 幅），1957-1983 年中国军事测绘局航片编制，基于 1954 北京坐标系，经校正、数字化转 WGS84/EGM96 坐标系，生成 30m 分辨率 Topo DEM，关联修订后的中国第一次冰川编目（CGI1）。
\n（2）SRTM 数据：2000 年 2 月 C/X 波段地形数据，用 1 角秒（≈30m）无空洞版本（参考 1999 年冰川表面），X 波段量化 C 波段微波穿透误差，源自美国地质调查局地球探索者平台。
\n（3）KH-9 数据：1971-1986 年冷战间谍卫星影像（覆盖希夏邦马峰），经处理生成 DEM，结合 Bhattacharya 等人（2021）的 KH-9 与 SRTM 高程差异产品，参考 Landsat ETM + 影像（水平定向）和 SRTM（垂直定向）。
\n（4）ICESat-2 数据：2018 年发射卫星的 ATLAS 激光雷达数据，532nm 绿光、10kHz 频率，6 束 3 对波束，91 天轨道周期，17m 足迹、40m 沿轨聚合光子定位信息。
\n（5）辅助数据：TanDEM-X 与 Pléiades DEM（用于 X 波段穿透校正）。", "ds_process_way": "
该数据集的加工以 1970-2000 年航空摄影测量地形图生成的 DEM 和 2000 年 SRTM 数据为核心数据源，通过对比两类数据计算冰川高程变化与年物质平衡，经配准、偏差校正及质量控制保障数据准确性，再利用 ICESat-2 与 KH-9 卫星数据对 DEM 高程差异进行验证，最终形成高、低两种分辨率的冰川物质变化数据。", "ds_quality": "
数据质量良好。", "ds_acq_start_time": "1970-01-01 00:00:00", "ds_acq_end_time": "2000-12-31 00:00:00", "ds_acq_place": "青藏高原东部区域", "ds_acq_lon_east": 105.0, "ds_acq_lat_south": 27.0, "ds_acq_lon_west": 75.0, "ds_acq_lat_north": 40.0, "ds_acq_alt_low": null, "ds_acq_alt_high": null, "ds_share_type": "login-access", "ds_total_size": 554038755, "ds_files_count": 2, "ds_format": "", "ds_space_res": "10m", "ds_time_res": "", "ds_coordinate": "WGS84", "ds_projection": "", "ds_thumbnail": "bfc470fb-64a6-485b-8a15-e347e1e01817.png", "ds_thumb_from": 2, "ds_ref_way": "", "paper_ref_way": "", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_from_station": null, "organization_id": "52b7b79b-860c-49a5-9083-9a70cf8bed5a", "ds_serv_man": "李红星", "ds_serv_phone": "0931-4967592", "ds_serv_mail": "ncdc@lzb.ac.cn", "doi_value": "", "subject_codes": [ "170.4510", "170.55" ], "quality_level": 3, "publish_time": "2025-11-27 15:50:43", "last_updated": "2026-01-12 11:10:26", "protected": false, "protected_to": null, "lang": "zh", "cstr": null, "i18n": { "en": { "title": "Glacier-level and gridded mass change in river sources in the eastern Tibetan Plateau region (ETPR) from the 1970s to 2000", "ds_format": "", "ds_source": "
(1) Historical topographic maps: 718 (142 at a scale of 1:50000 and 576 at a scale of 1:100000), compiled by the Chinese Military Surveying and Mapping Bureau from 1957 to 1983. Based on the 1954 Beijing coordinate system, they were corrected and digitized to the WGS84/EGM96 coordinate system, generating a 30m resolution Topo DEM and associated with the revised China First Glacier Catalogue (CGI1).
\n(2) SRTM data: February 2000 C/X-band terrain data, using a 1 arcsecond (≈ 30m) cavity free version (referring to the glacier surface in 1999), quantifying C-band microwave penetration error in X-band, sourced from the Earth Explorer platform of the United States Geological Survey.
\n(3) KH-9 data: Cold War spy satellite imagery from 1971-1986 (covering Mount Hichabama), processed to generate DEM, combined with Bhattacharya et al.'s (2021) KH-9 and SRTM elevation difference product, referencing Landsat ETM+imagery (horizontal orientation) and SRTM (vertical orientation).
\n(4) ICESat-2 data: ATLAS lidar data from a satellite launched in 2018, with 532nm green light, 10kHz frequency, 6 beams and 3 pairs of beams, 91 day orbital period, 17m footprint, and 40m aggregated photon positioning information along the orbit.
\n(5) Auxiliary data: TanDEM-X and Pl é iades DEM (used for X-band penetration correction).", "ds_quality": "
The data quality is good.", "ds_ref_way": "", "ds_abstract": "
This dataset focuses on glacier material changes in the river source area of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau (ETPR) from 1970 to 2000, providing two resolutions of data: high-resolution glacier individual data (30 meters) and low resolution grid data (0.5 degrees). Among them, high-resolution data targets 13117 glaciers, including elevation changes, annual material balance, and related uncertainty information over 30 years, providing important references for the study of individual glaciers.
\nTo calculate glacier mass changes, the study will compare the digital elevation model (DEM) generated based on topographic maps (aerial photogrammetry technology) from 1970 to 2000 with data from the Space Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) in 2000. To ensure data accuracy through registration, deviation correction, and quality control processes, and to validate elevation differences based on DEM using data from ICESat-2 and KH-9 satellites. The results show that the dataset has good quality (especially in low altitude areas) and high consistency with the KH-9 data; However, due to the difficulty of capturing high reflectivity snow surfaces clearly in steep terrain using aerial photographs, the uncertainty of data in high-altitude areas is relatively high.
\nThis dataset covers 72% of glaciers in the ETPR area and has high integrity. It can be used for parameter calibration in multi-scale glacier mass balance simulations and for evaluating changes in glacier hydrological effects before and after 2000. It is an important data resource for glacier research in this region.
", "ds_time_res": "", "ds_acq_place": "The eastern region of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau", "ds_space_res": "10m", "ds_projection": "", "ds_process_way": "The processing of this dataset uses DEM generated from aerial photogrammetry topographic maps from 1970 to 2000 and SRTM data from 2000 as the core data sources. By comparing the two types of data, glacier elevation changes and annual material balance are calculated. After registration, deviation correction, and quality control to ensure data accuracy, the DEM elevation differences are verified using ICESat-2 and KH-9 satellite data, resulting in glacier material change data with high and low resolutions.", "ds_ref_instruction": "" } }, "submit_center_id": "ncdc", "data_level": 0, "license_type": "CC BY 4.0", "ds_topic_tags": [ "冰川", "冰架", "冰川高程变化", "物质平衡" ], "ds_subject_tags": [ "水文学", "自然地理学" ], "ds_class_tags": [], "ds_locus_tags": [ "青藏高原东部区域" ], "ds_time_tags": [ 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 ], "ds_contributors": [ { "true_name": "刘时银", "email": "liusy@lzb.ac.cn", "work_for": "云南大学国际河流与生态安全研究院", "country": "中国" } ], "ds_meta_authors": [ { "true_name": "刘时银", "email": "liusy@lzb.ac.cn", "work_for": "云南大学国际河流与生态安全研究院", "country": "中国" } ], "ds_managers": [ { "true_name": "刘时银", "email": "liusy@lzb.ac.cn", "work_for": "云南大学国际河流与生态安全研究院", "country": "中国" } ], "category": "水文" }