现有冻土分布图在分类体系、数据源与制图方法上差异显著，集中体现了我国近半个世纪以来对多年冻土分布的阶段性认知。为更精准刻画全国冻土空间分布、准确统计冻土面积，本文在系统梳理现有冻土图的基础上，整合多套冻土制图成果及青藏高原多年冻土模拟数据，统一全国数据时相，研制了新版全国冻土分布图，客观反映了2000 年前后我国冻土的实际分布格局。\n
本数据制备过程中各冻土类型遵循以下原则：
1. 底图采用中国冻土区划及类型图（1：1000万）（邱国庆 等，2000）。青藏高原以外的高山多年冻土和瞬时冻土的分布沿用原图；季节冻土和瞬时冻土、瞬时冻土和非冻土的界限也均无变化。青藏高原地区的多年冻土和东北地区高纬度多年冻土的分布则采用以下结果更新。
2. 青藏高原区域的高海拔多年冻土和高山多年冻土分布采用南卓铜 等（2002）的模拟结果进行更新。该模型利用青藏公路沿线76个钻孔实测年平均地温数据，进行回归统计分析，获取年平均地温与纬度、高程的关系，并基于该关系，结合GTOPO30高程数据（美国地质调查局地球资源观测与科技中心领导下发展的全球1km数字高程模型数据）模拟得到整个青藏高原范围上的年平均地温分布，再以年平均地温0.5C作为多年冻土与季节冻土的界限。
3. 东北地区的高纬度多年冻土分布采用了Jin et al. (2007)的最新结果。 Jin et al. (2007)通过对过去几十年东北年平均降水和土壤水分的分析，认为东北地区的多年冻土南界与年平均气温的关系在过去几十年中没有发生实质变化。
4. 其他地区的高山多年冻土分布采用中国冰川冻土沙漠图（1：400万）（中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所，2006）更新。\n
在分类系统方面，现有的冻土图对多年冻土的划分多采用连续性标准，但对连续性的具体定义有很大不同。很多研究表明，连续性标准是一个与尺度密切相关的概念，并不适合于高海拔多年冻土的分类（程国栋, 1984; Cheng et al., 1992），且该标准无法应用于以网格为基本模拟单元的多年冻土分布模型。在本文中，我们放弃了连续性标准，而以制图单元（网格或区域）内是否存在冻土为标准。\n
新版冻土图将我国冻土分为几下几类：（1）高纬度多年冻土；（2）高海拔多年冻土；（3）高原多年冻土；（4）高山多年冻土；（5）中深季节冻土：可能达到的最大季节冻结深度>1m；（6）浅季节冻土：可能达到的最大季节冻结深度<1 m；（7）瞬时冻土：保存时间不足一个月；（8）非冻土。 数据具体说明，请参考说明文档及引用文献。", "ds_source": "", "ds_process_way": "", "ds_quality": "", "ds_acq_start_time": "2000-01-01 00:00:00", "ds_acq_end_time": "2000-12-31 00:00:00", "ds_acq_place": "中国", "ds_acq_lon_east": null, "ds_acq_lat_south": null, "ds_acq_lon_west": null, "ds_acq_lat_north": null, "ds_acq_alt_low": null, "ds_acq_alt_high": null, "ds_share_type": "open-access", "ds_total_size": 3506766, "ds_files_count": 0, "ds_format": "*.shp", "ds_space_res": "", "ds_time_res": "", "ds_coordinate": "其他", "ds_projection": "Albers Conical Equal Area", "ds_thumbnail": "eae13ba7-70d4-4bf5-bd2a-f31024741b12.png", "ds_thumb_from": 2, "ds_ref_way": "", "paper_ref_way": "", "ds_ref_instruction": "None", "ds_from_station": null, "organization_id": "52b7b79b-860c-49a5-9083-9a70cf8bed5a", "ds_serv_man": "李红星", "ds_serv_phone": "0931-4967592", "ds_serv_mail": "ncdc@lzb.ac.cn", "doi_value": "", "subject_codes": [ "170.4510" ], "quality_level": 0, "publish_time": "2026-05-08 17:38:49", "last_updated": "2026-05-08 18:14:53", "protected": false, "protected_to": null, "lang": "zh", "cstr": "11738.11.ncdc.permafrost.db7314.2026", "i18n": { "en": { "title": "Frozen soil map of China (2000)", "ds_format": "*.shp", "ds_source": "", "ds_quality": "", "ds_ref_way": "", "ds_abstract": "
The existing frozen soil distribution map shows significant differences in classification system, data sources, and mapping methods, reflecting China's phased understanding of the distribution of permafrost over the past half century. In order to more accurately depict the spatial distribution of frozen soil in China and accurately calculate the frozen soil area, this article systematically reviews the existing frozen soil maps, integrates multiple sets of frozen soil mapping results and simulated data of permafrost on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, unifies the national data time phase, and develops a new version of the national frozen soil distribution map, which objectively reflects the actual distribution pattern of frozen soil in China before and after 2000.\r\n
During the preparation of this data, the following principles were followed for each type of frozen soil:
1. The base map adopts the Chinese permafrost zoning and type map (1:10 million) (Qiu Guoqing et al., 2000). The distribution of permafrost and permafrost in high mountains outside the Qinghai Tibet Plateau follows the original map; The boundaries between seasonal frozen soil and instantaneous frozen soil, as well as between instantaneous frozen soil and non frozen soil, remain unchanged. The distribution of permafrost in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau region and high latitude permafrost in the Northeast region is updated using the following results.
2. The distribution of high-altitude permafrost and high-altitude permafrost in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau region was updated using the simulation results of Nan Zhuo Tong et al. (2002). This model utilizes the measured annual average ground temperature data from 76 boreholes along the Qinghai Tibet Highway for regression statistical analysis, obtaining the relationship between annual average ground temperature and latitude and elevation. Based on this relationship, combined with GTOPO30 elevation data (a global 1km digital elevation model developed under the leadership of the Earth Resources Observation and Technology Center of the United States Geological Survey), the annual average ground temperature distribution over the entire Qinghai Tibet Plateau is simulated, and the annual average ground temperature of 0.5C is used as the boundary between permafrost and seasonally frozen soil.
The distribution of high latitude permafrost in Northeast China was based on the latest results of Jin et al. (2007). Jin et al. (2007) analyzed the annual average precipitation and soil moisture in Northeast China over the past few decades, and concluded that the relationship between the southern boundary of permafrost in Northeast China and the annual average temperature has not undergone substantial changes in the past few decades.
4. The distribution of alpine permafrost in other regions is updated with the map of glaciers and permafrost deserts in China (1:4 million) (Institute of Environment and Engineering in Cold and Dry Regions, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2006).\r\n
In terms of classification systems, existing permafrost maps often use continuity criteria for the classification of permafrost, but there are significant differences in the specific definition of continuity. Many studies have shown that continuity standards are a concept closely related to scale and are not suitable for the classification of high-altitude permafrost (Cheng Guodong, 1984; Cheng et al., 1992), and this standard cannot be applied to permafrost distribution models based on grids as basic simulation units. In this article, we abandon the continuity criterion and use the presence of frozen soil within the mapping unit (grid or region) as the standard.\r\n
The new frozen soil map divides frozen soil in China into several categories: (1) high latitude permafrost; (2) High altitude permafrost; (3) Plateau permafrost; (4) High mountain permafrost; (5) Mid to deep seasonal frozen soil: maximum possible seasonal freezing depth>1m; (6) shallow seasonal frozen soil: maximum possible seasonal freezing depth<1m; (7) instantaneous frozen soil: preservation time less than one month; (8) Non frozen soil. Please refer to the documentation and cited references for specific data explanations.", "ds_time_res": "", "ds_acq_place": "China", "ds_space_res": "", "ds_projection": "", "ds_process_way": "", "ds_ref_instruction": "" } }, "submit_center_id": "ncdc", "data_level": 0, "license_type": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "doi_reg_from": "reg_local", "cstr_reg_from": "reg_local", "doi_not_reg_reason": null, "cstr_not_reg_reason": null, "is_paper_in_submitting": false, "ds_topic_tags": [ "冻土", "冻土分布", "季节冻土" ], "ds_subject_tags": [ "自然地理学" ], "ds_class_tags": [], "ds_locus_tags": [ "中国" ], "ds_time_tags": [ 2000 ], "ds_contributors": [ { "true_name": "冉有华", "email": "ranyh@lzb.ac.cn", "work_for": "中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院", "country": "中国" }, { "true_name": "李新", "email": "lixin@lzb.ac.cn", "work_for": "中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院", "country": "中国" } ], "ds_meta_authors": [ { "true_name": "冉有华", "email": "ranyh@lzb.ac.cn", "work_for": "中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院", "country": "中国" }, { "true_name": "李新", "email": "lixin@lzb.ac.cn", "work_for": "中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院", "country": "中国" } ], "ds_managers": [ { "true_name": "冉有华", "email": "ranyh@lzb.ac.cn", "work_for": "中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院", "country": "中国" } ], "category": "冻土" }