Ursa is a large-scale ice flow model designed specifically for simulating continental scale ice sheets, using efficient numerical methods to solve the ice flow control equations. Historical background : Ursa was developed by the Ursa team with the aim of providing an efficient ice flow model specifically designed for simulating continental scale ice sheets. The development of this model responds to the demand for research on continental scale ice sheets such as Greenland and Antarctica. Technical features : • Specially designed for simulating continental scale ice sheets, supporting large-scale calculations • Using efficient numerical methods to solve the ice flow equation and improve computational efficiency • Support long-term simulation of ice sheet evolution, from thousands to millions of years • Analyze the coupling relationship between ice sheet geometry and dynamics • Widely used in research on the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets • Supports parallel computing and adapts to high-performance computing environments Core functions : • Simulation of Continental Scale Ice Sheet Flow • Long term analysis of ice sheet evolution • Research on the coupling of ice sheet geometry and dynamics • Detailed simulation of Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets • Analysis of the Impact of Ice Sheet Changes on Sea Level and Climate • Prediction of ice sheet evolution under different climate scenarios Application case : • Research on the Response of Greenland Ice Sheet to Climate Change • Analysis of the Instability Mechanism of the Antarctic Ice Sheet • Reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum Ice Sheet • Prediction of sea level rise contributed by global ice sheets under future climate change scenarios • Numerical simulation of continental scale ice sheet evolution Limitations : • High demand for computing resources, especially high-resolution simulations • High requirements for the quality and accuracy of input data • The parameterization of the conditions at the bottom of the ice sheet is uncertain • The coupling with climate models requires additional development • The learning curve is steep and requires familiarity with C++and ice dynamics Input parameters : • Geometric data of ice sheet (thickness, surface elevation, etc.) • Physical parameters of ice (rheological parameters, thermal conductivity, etc.) • Boundary conditions (surface temperature, sliding parameters, etc.) • Initial velocity field and temperature field • Simulate time steps and total duration Output result : • Ice sheet velocity field and thickness distribution • Geometric evolution of ice sheet (area, volume, etc.) • The contribution of ice sheets to sea level rise • Temperature and stress fields inside the ice sheet • Comparison of simulation results under different climate scenarios