WOFOST is a single site simulation system developed by Wageningen University in the Netherlands. A dynamic interpretative model based on process was developed to simulate crop growth process under the influence of climate and other environmental factors (such as soil water and fertilizer), such as photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, leaf area change, dry matter distribution and yield formation. The model can simulate crop growth process and crop yield under three conditions: sufficient water and fertilizer supply (potential growth condition), water limitation (rain fed condition) and nutrient limitation (insufficient supply of N, P, K).

PRMs is a modular design modeling system for assessing the impacts of various combinations of precipitation, climate and land use on surface runoff, sediment yield and general watershed hydrology.

IHACRES model is a lumped conceptual rainfall runoff model based on unit hydrograph principle. It is composed of two basic modules in series: in the nonlinear module, rainfall is transformed into effective rainfall; in the linear module, effective rainfall is further transformed into runoff. The model is suitable for a series of spatial and temporal scales.

HEC-HMS model is a watershed flood simulation system developed by the hydrological engineering center of the US Army Corps of engineers. It is a semi Distributed Rainfall Runoff Model with physical concept. According to the formation process of rainfall runoff, it is divided into four calculation parts: net rainfall process, direct runoff process, base flow and river confluence, which are mainly used to simulate runoff process in tree basin.

The sand pile avalanche model simulates the occurrence of avalanches in sand and plots the frequency of these avalanches. With the increase of sand particles, the shape and size of sand pile are easy to model. But even though the shape of the pile is conical, a new grain of sand can also trigger avalanches. Some sand particles fall off the cone. And because these avalanches are unpredictable, it's impossible to predict whether the next grain of sand will lead to avalanches.

Thresh model is a precipitation tracking program, which is used to calculate various precipitation indexes to compare with the existing or experimental threshold of landslide occurrence. The program calculates the cumulative precipitation, precipitation intensity and precipitation duration, and compares the results with the threshold value to determine the threshold value used in landslide early warning. This command-line program is used with Python and shell scripts for input files and visualization results.