The input data required for simulation includes meteorological data (such as daily average temperature, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, precipitation, relative humidity from 1980 to 2020) and land use data, CO₂data, etc. The meteorological data comes from the ERA5 meteorological reanalysis dataset, while the land use data comes from the Resource and Environmental Science Data Platform, using annual land use change information from 1980. All input data is interpolated, resampled to a spatial resolution of 10 kilometers, and projected based on geographic coordinates to ensure spatial consistency across different data sources

  The model adopts the Arid Ecosystem Model (AEM), which can effectively simulate the dynamics of carbon pools in arid regions. According to the characteristics of the Yellow River Basin, the model parameter settings include region specific parameters such as soil type, biomass distribution, and climate variables. During the operation of the model, the input meteorological data and CO₂data will be loaded year by year. The model simulates the carbon pool based on the set parameters and outputs grid data of annual carbon pool changes. The annual carbon pool data will provide a basis for subsequent analysis, further revealing the trends and influencing factors of carbon pool changes in the Yellow River Basin

  This data is subject to quality control using multiple methods: (1) Data source validation: comparing ERA5 with other reanalysis data to ensure the accuracy of input meteorological data; (2) Model validation: Verify the accuracy of the model output by sampling ground observation data, and keep the mean square error (RMSE) within a reasonable range. The main areas of the Yellow River Basin belong to the arid and semi-arid regions of China, and vegetation carbon and soil carbon have been validated in the carbon pool dataset of China's arid and semi-arid regions; (3) Data consistency check: Ensure the continuity of time series data and the logical spatial distribution