In July 2026, the data sets of the 2025 Heihe Basin Comprehensive Observation Network on Surface Processes (34 in total) were simultaneously released at the National Glacier, Permafrost and Desert Scientific Data Center and the National Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Scientific Data Center. The dataset released this time includes surface water, heat and carbon fluxes from 11 observation stations in the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Heihe River Basin in 2025 (Eddy correlation instrument, scintillation instrument), hydrometeorological elements (Meteorological element gradient observation system, automatic weather station, cosmic ray instrument) and vegetation parameters (Phenology camera, leaf area index sensor network), etc. The main observed variables include: surface fluxes such as sensible heat flux, latent heat flux and carbon dioxide flux; wind, temperature, pressure, precipitation, four-component radiation, photosynthetic effective radiation, Hydrometeorological elements such as surface radiation temperature, soil temperature and humidity profile, soil heat flux and regional soil moisture; vegetation parameters such as vegetation phenology, vegetation index and leaf area index. The data has undergone unified data processing and strict quality control, and has passed peer expert review. Users are welcome to apply. The Heihe River Basin is a typical inland river basin in my country. With water as its core link, it breeds multiple types of ecosystems such as mountains, rivers, forests, fields, lakes, grass, sand and ice. At the same time, the efficient and rational use of water resources in this basin is not only the inland of western my country. The practical challenges faced by river basins also reflect the common problems of sustainable development of inland river basins around the world. The complex interactions between water, soil, air and people in the basin have formed a unique natural-social coupled system, making the Heihe River Basin an ideal laboratory for scientific research in river basins in my country. After decades of hard work, especially the 2007-2017 Heihe remote sensing experiment, supported by projects such as the National Natural Science Foundation of China's major research plan "Integrated Research on Eco-Hydrological Processes in the Heihe River Basin" and the Western Action Plan of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the basin comprehensive observation system was established. After the end of the test in 2017, it was optimized and adjusted to be transformed into the "Comprehensive Observation Network of Surface Processes in the Heihe River Basin" for continuous operation. The observation network currently includes 15 stations for upper, middle and lower reaches (3 super stations and 12 ordinary stations) and 1 support base, covering various surface types in the basin. Observation data has been continuously released and has been registered and downloaded more than 67000 times by more than 400 units from national ministries and commissions, local governments, domestic and foreign scientific research institutes and universities, supporting more than 1000 scientific research projects of various types, effectively serving the exploration and practice of river basin science and relevant national needs. With the continuous operation of the observation network and data accumulation, the Heihe River Basin has also become an ideal platform for verifying the accuracy, stability and environmental adaptability of remote sensing and ecological monitoring equipment and technologies. During the Heihe remote sensing experiment, a number of domestically produced new airborne remote sensing sensors were tested here, and the IPV6 wireless sensor network for ecological monitoring was applied here. In 2025, in order to accelerate the independent control of key ecological monitoring technologies and solve problems such as insufficient integrated verification and application demonstration of related technologies and equipment in real and complex scenarios, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, together with China Agenda 21 Management Center, organized more than 50 universities, scientific research institutions, More than 200 scientific researchers from enterprises and industry departments carried out the "Joint Test and Application Demonstration of Ecological Monitoring Technology in the Heihe River Basin (EcoTest)". It involves joint testing of R & D equipment/technology, integrated ecological monitoring tests of air, space and space, ecological and hydrological monitoring tests of cryosphere, and application demonstrations. The Comprehensive Observation Network of Surface Processes in the Heihe River Basin provides key support for the smooth development of EcoTest, helping my country's independent innovation of key ecological monitoring technologies and equipment and the optimization of the national ecological environment monitoring system. The on-line monitoring data of key landslides in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area from 2019 to 2025 has a long time span and complete indicator types. It has important reference value for carrying out reservoir landslide deformation mechanism analysis, monitoring indicator correlation research, stability trend identification and disaster risk evaluation. Data release information: National Glacier, Frozen Soil and Desert Scientific Data Center: https://www.ncdc.ac.cn/portal/topic/detail? id=f4712ee8-5bda-4bbf-a3a0-ca8a4530c495 National Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Scientific Data Center: https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/projectList? listId=4e7b97a6-ee1f-4b51-83e5-04a100993973&nodeKey=6705cc1e-29c3-4684-89ac-ef4d5e3ed9d3 Article information: 1. Li, X., Cheng, G., Liu, S., Xiao, Q., Ma, M., Jin, R., ... & Xu, Z., 2013. Heihe watershed allied telemetry experimental research (HiWATER): Scientific objectives and experimental design. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 94(8), 1145-1160. 2. Li Xin, Liu Shaomin, Liu Qinhuo, Xiao Qing, Che Tao, Ma Mingguo, Jin Rui, Yan Youhua, Wen Jianguang, Xu Zili, Li Zengyuan. Heihe remote sensing experiment: review and prospects. Chinese Journal of Remote Sensing, 2023, 27(2): 224-248. 3. Li, X., Liu, S.M., Xiao, Q., Ma, M.G., Jin, R., Che, T., Wang, W.Z., Hu, X.L., Xu, Z.W., Wen, J.G., Wang, L.X., 2017. A multiscale dataset for understanding complex eco-hydrological processes in a heterogeneous oasis system. Scientific Data, 4, 170083. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.83 4. Liu, S.M., Li, X., Xu, Z.W., Che, T., Xiao, Q., Ma, M.G., Liu, Q.H, Jin, R., Guo, J.W., Wang, L.X., Wang, W.Z., Qi, Y., Li, H.Y., Xu, T.R., Ran, Y.H., Hu, X., Shi, S.J., Zhu, Z.L., Tan, J.L., Zhang, Y., Ren, Z.G., 2018. The Heihe Integrated Observatory Network: A basin‐scale land surface processes observatory in China. Vadose Zone Journal, 17,180072. https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2018.04.0072 5. Che, T., Li, X., Liu, S.M., Li, H.Y., Xu, Z.W., Tan, J.L., Zhang, Y., Ren, Z.G., Xiao, L., Deng, J., Jin, R., Ma, M.G., Wang, J., Yang, X.F., 2019. Integrated hydrometeorological, snow and frozen-ground observations in the alpine region of the Heihe River Basin, China. Earth System Science Data, 11, 1483–1499. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1483-2019 6. Liu, S.M., Xu, Z.W., Che, T., Li, X., Xu, T.R., Ren, Z.G., Zhang, Y., Tan, J.L., Song, L.S., Zhou, J., Zhu, Z.L., Yang, X.F., Liu, R., Ma, Y.F., 2023. A dataset of energy, water vapor and carbon exchange observations in oasis-desert areas from 2012 to 2021 in a typical endorheic basin. Earth System Science Data, 15, 4959-4981. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4959-2023